Hawthornes Puritanical Beliefs Revealed in The Scarlett...

Hawthornes Puritanical Beliefs Revealed in The Scarlett Letter and Young Goodman Brown When an author depicts a person or group of people in his or her work, the opinion of the writer most often sifts into the descriptions, whether intentionally or unintentionally. Some writers are very guarded regarding their feelings toward any particular subject, while others are very open and happy to share. Nathaniel Hawthorne belongs to the latter group. The purpose of the majority of his literary work was to share his view of the group of strict Christians known as the Puritans. Hawthorne himself was a direct descendent of Puritans, and he obviously held very particular views of his ancestors. These views are clearly demonstrated in his works†¦show more content†¦Is there not law for it? Truly there is, both in the Scripture and the statute book....(1333). E. A. Duyckinck says that Hawthorne has...in this volume, great feeling and discrimination, which is exactly what the reader sees concerning his views on unfair judgement. By the harsh language of the women, he clearl y demonstrates the opinion that he has consumed a large part of his writing subject matter. The women speak of the Scripture and its laws, yet completely ignore many different passages of the same Scripture that specifically command Christians to refrain from judging each other. This is the same hypocrisy that ran through the entire strain of Puritan society. The Scripture also says in Romans 3:23 that all have sinned and come short of the glory of God... This is another well quoted verse of Scripture. Hawthorne kills two birds with one stone as he brings the Reverend Mr. Dimmesdale to appeal to Hester in a public attempt toward a break in secrecy. Dimmesdale says to her, as the rest of the town looks on, ...I charge thee to speak out the name of thy fellow-sinner and fellow sufferer! (1342). Hawthorne not only shows the hypocrisy of Dimmesdale, as he is in fact that

Tesco Online Marketing Research in Thailands Markets

Assignment 1 – 50% Marketing Research Proposal – Individual Assignment Tesco-Online Thailand’s Failure to Penetrate Thai Markets Marketing Proposal Student Name: Weerapat Bhattharadheerakul Student ID: S00805162 Course Title: Digital Marketing Research Instructors Name: Gabriella Kerezturi Regent’s University London November 2014 Content Page Title Page 1 Table of contents 2 Executive Summary 3 1. Introduction 4 a. Industry Overview 5 b. Organisational Background 5 c. Business Objectives 5 d. Problem Statement 5 e. Research Aim and Objectives 6 2. Research Methodology 6 f.†¦show more content†¦Makro, a whole sale retail outlet holds 16% of the market share (Jitpleecheep, 2014: Appendix B). The retail industry of Thailand accounts up to 1.4 trillion baht, which is close to 27 billion pounds. 40% of 1.4 trillion baht is from the modern trade which incorporates the major hypermarkets and their online shopping websites (Appendix C). It is expected that over time, the market of the retail industry is to grow by 3% to 5% each year, thereby a consistent competition is expected for Tesco Lotus and Big C super centres. In terms of online market, the global online grocery sales accounted for only 4% of all food retailers (Mintel, 2014; Appendix D). The internet has indeed penetrated greatly into Thai consumers. Currently over 31% of the consumers use the internet, with majority of them being within the age group of 15 to 29 years old (Appendix E). It is easily anticipate that consumers are continue to increase wit h internet usage rates thereby opening up a market for selling grocery items for online users. By 2012, Nielsen (2011) states that the e-commerce business in Thailand would reach close to 9 billion Baht which is approximately 173 million pounds. A research conducted by Kasikorn Thai Research (2012), a leading commercial bank in Thailand, suggested that a gain in 5% is expected each year for this market. This opens up opportunities for hypermarkets to take their markets online. b. Organisational Background Tesco LotusShow MoreRelatedTesco International Management9662 Words   |  39 PagesQuestion 1: YIP’s drivers of globalisation framework 3-9 †¢ Market 5 †¢ Cost 6-7 †¢ Government 8 †¢ Competitive 9 Question 2: Thailand / Korea / Japan 10-16 †¢ Entry Strategy 11 †¢ Brand Management 12-14 †¢ Politics/ Economy 15-16 Question 3: Fresh Easy Neighbourhood Markets 17-23 †¢ Macro Assessment 18-20 o Risk in foreign markets 18-19 o Economic Recession 19 Read MoreThailand Economic Analysis Essay6406 Words   |  26 PagesI. INTRODUCTION Thailands economy is defined by more than a decade of continuous and rapid economic growth starting in 1985, followed by a brutal recession that started near the end of 1997. During the boom years, economic growth averaged more than 7 percent annually, one of the highest rates in the world. 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To your pull and push, your critiques and humors, and for those valuable views and opinions during our research, we are grateful. Furthermore, we would like to express our gratitude to all our respondents who spent their valuable time answering our questions. Without their cooperation, our research would not be completed. June 1, 2009, Jà ¶nkà ¶ping _________________ Latika Supasansanee ___________________________ Patthaveekarn Kasiphongphaisan Read MoreDtac Business Analysis38421 Words   |  154 PagesInternational Marketing Master Thesis International Marketing (EF0705) Parunya Vanasakul Ploychompoo Wankeao Supisra Arayaphong (830422) (850418) (831102) Tobias Eltebrandt The battle of DTAC in Thailand’s mobile phone operator market How can DTAC gain higher market share by focusing on customers in Bangkok? The purpose of this research is to investigate, analyze current competition between DTAC and other competitors with customer insight in order to find out the possibility for DTAC to gain more market shareRead MoreDtac Business Analysis38437 Words   |  154 PagesInternational Marketing Master Thesis International Marketing (EF0705) Parunya Vanasakul Ploychompoo Wankeao Supisra Arayaphong (830422) (850418) (831102) Tobias Eltebrandt The battle of DTAC in Thailand’s mobile phone operator market How can DTAC gain higher market share by focusing on c ustomers in Bangkok? The purpose of this research is to investigate, analyze current competition between DTAC and other competitors with customer insight in order to find out the possibility for DTAC to gain more market share

Research Methodology - Systemic Investigation into a Subject

Question: Describe about the Systemic Investigation into a subject using various sources to establish facts as well as reach conclusive points? Answer: Introduction Research can be described as a Based on research, existing knowledge databases are increased or Systemic Investigation into a subject using various sources to establish facts as well as reach conclusive points. improved to arrive at newer applications to cater to the objective of the research. The objective can vary from theorizing a hypothesis or supporting an already established fact to negating a theory that no longer explains a phenomenon. In certain cases where the objective is to develop insights into a project by testing the validity of processes used in the original project, an element or the project as a whole is simulated (R. K. 2013). The research begins with the identification of the research problem that subsequently is followed by formulation of specific questions about research. Base on this a method or multiple methods appropriate to the task are selected, and data is collected using the chosen technique/ techniques (R. F. 2011). The final step of the research processes characterized by refining the data to eliminate the redundancy, and retain the promising data so that a conclusion can be arrived. The findings of the research are then communicated or in some cases, recommendations are also drafted for a possible strategy/ theory (J. W. 2013). Literature Review A literature review can be described as a scholarly work in text form that is produced using the current knowledge base citing intriguing findings as well as theoretical citations about a particular topic. This method is largely a secondary research method and does not produce original work in any form or a factual piece of research. It is more identifiable as a subjective and guideline imparting work that supports an already established theory/ method or fact. The basic purpose of literature review is to support an already stated scholarly work so that a new research project incidental to the work can be proposed effectively. Strengths and Weaknesses of Literature Review Literature review holds high value in gauging the status of research in the chosen field by the researcher. When a research team selects a subject to research on, a Literature review helps to determine the level of research that has already been conducted in the field so that the existing knowledge base can be built. Based on the literature review, a research can identify the key experts on a particular subject. When the researcher explores the articles for the literature review, the writer who has the maximum amount of contribution on particular subject can be identified as experts and can be reached out to in case of consultation needed on a subject (Z. 2013). The literature review also helps in extracting the right questions that a research needs to answer. Much research papers/ literature review shed light on few questions that lay the stepping-stones of the next natural question. Building on this cascade, a definitive question can be arrived that get improved by the level of existing research in the field (C. 2013). However, literature review has many disadvantages attached to it with the major one being its incompleteness. The literature review cannot be taken as a concrete foundational block for any decision or research as it is based on the subjectivity of the individual rather than objective, substantial data. This data has been perceived to be relevant and irrelevant materials making the research lackluster in its appeal. Many times literature review is based on the scholarly material that is likely obsolete which renders to review useless for further use for its prospective reader. Also, literature review is limited by the amount of prior research data on the subject. If the subject is thoroughly covered and researched upon, chances of creating a strong literature review are high while the review weakens with less prior work in the field. Access to the relevant data also assumes greater importance even if the researcher in the field finds extensive work being already done to build on. Suitability of literature review A literature review finds extensive applications in research projects that are largely limited by their size and scope. Any project while does not hold substantial value does not attract investments, which makes a literature review a cost effective method of reinforcing a fact by the research team. Collaborating parts from various researches that form a conclusive material can improve the existing database. A literature review has also been identified as instrumental in case of a field of experimentation/ research that has been thoroughly covered and hence with the present set of resources no change to the database can be made. A number of relevant sources increase the applicability of literature reviews as the quality improves. Also in organizational parlance when the research is solely aimed at arriving at a guideline than an elaborated fact list, literature review holds high preference. In such cases, the most effective way to deliver a conclusive work is literature review, as with the time and resources, no other research method seems efficient. Another area where literature review has extensive application is where the decision or conclusion is largely independent of the research to be conducted (J. A. 2012). Generalizability of results of literature review The scope of the literature review is limited in nature as a result of which it cannot be generalized in the true sense. The reason for limitation of literature review lies in the nature of the research methodology- secondary. As the data used in a literature review is secondary, the relevance, as well as, genuineness of the source is unknown. Another limitation of the literature review that does not allow generalization is that no new experiment or project to negate or support theory is conduced which weakens the case for literature review. The review has also been perceived as highly subjective in nature as a result of which the application of the review is limited by the extent of the grasp of the writer on the matter and the recommendations that he introduced thereof. For the generalization of the research methodology, it should exhibit consistency in the results where it is applied and since literature review varies from individual to individual, the results also obtained exhibi t such characteristic (Bell, E. 2015). Issues of using literature review One of the major issues associated with literature review is the access to quality information to the researcher. In most cases, the material required for literature review is not electronic and hence limited to physical libraries separated by geographies that make the access practically impossible. This leads to usage of alternate material for literature review that can altogether change the direction of the research. Ethical considerations also cloud literature review as the individual can introduce facts that are misleading in nature and can result in misguiding the reader of the review. The quality of literature review is also dependent largely on the subjectivity of individual/ team as the selection of articles/ work can be both constructive and redundant in nature (J. W. 2013). In some instances literature review has been found to be biased for an element in the review that appeals to the individual/ team working on the review. This can lead to results that are infected by biasing hence yield weak scholarly work. The dilemma between usage of quantitative work or qualitative work also looms large in case of the literature review that results in a wide spectrum of findings/ results of literature review (E. 2013). Interview The interview is a qualitative research method where an interviewer or a group of interviewer asks questions from people to extract facts or statements from them. It is a primary research method and has found its used in various research contexts. The subjects have different comprehension for different individuals that make the substratum of an interview. Understanding the meaning of the statements made by the interviewee is the main task of any interview (J. 2015). An interview is an intern man interaction and is deemed to be a far more personal form of research than any other methodology. Unlike the mailing or questionnaire form of research, an interview opens the window for communication and consequent probing. The interview is particularly very easy for the interviewees point of view if the objective is mapping the opinion of the subject. Although interviews are time-consuming and resource taxing, they are the only research methodology that can unravel thin facts and insights in a field of study. The chances of conflicts are also reduced considerably in an interview as all the miscommunications are accounted for and cleared on the spot (S. B. 2014). Strengths and weaknesses of interview method One of the key identifiable strength of interview method is the level of details that can be revealed through it. The interview can give the exact picture of a specific event or thought process in an interview as well as give other cues to the interviewer. Indications such as voice, tone, body language and emotional balance at each answer of the interviewee can give an added dimension to the interviewer that is almost impossible with any other research method. These hidden details of the answers of the interviewee can deliver the correlation between objects, elements and people in a lucid manner. Another key advantage of this method is that it can be tailored to suit a particular respondent to extract the exact information required for the project at hand. More illustrations regarding the statements made and clarity on the facts exhibited by the respondent can be easily accommodated in an interview. Interviews can also aid in creating a better version of a report as the comprehension of the researcher improves with an interview form of research (A. 2012). However, interview method has some inherent weaknesses with the major one being the arrangement of an interview. The people required as interviewers are hard to find, and so is the time, place and venue of interview. Another major weakness of interview is that the method is very hard to administer by the interviewer. During the interview, the interviewer has to make the interviewee feel comfortable, focus on the questions that need to be asked and at the same time observe the non verbal communication. A common consequence of many interviews is the missing data that makes it difficult for the researchers to compare populations used for the research. An interview although reveals more than what is required but can often miss crucial information (Y. S. 2011). Suitability of the interview method Interview method finds extensive use in many situations with the prominent one being a topic that requires opinions rather than factual data. Businesses, operations or theories that are related to human interactions and opinions have large application of interview method for further extrapolation of the established theories. For instance, in knowing the preferences of the citizens of U.K. while opening a new restaurant chain can be easily determined using interview method as the details required can only be known using this method (M. 2012). In situations where the data required is highly qualitative in nature, interview method finds applications. An example of such situation is phenomenon such as paranormal activity that has not found any data at all and still is guided by the perceptions of the experts on the matter (H. (2011). Also, in a situation where the requirements include determination of personalities or any other demographic factor, interview method is a reliable method. In such cases the responses given by the respondents acts as cues for the research team to work on, as quantitative data cannot explain the effects. An example to support this application is a research to know the consumer behavior of an area by an e-commerce can be done using interview method (R. (Eds.). 2013). Generalizability of results obtained using interview method The results obtained using interview method can be generalized depending on various factors about the interview. One of the most important factors that determine the extent to which an interview result can be generalized is the sample size of interview. If the sample size is large enough the results obtained can be easily generalized while if the sample size is small, the results remain inconclusive. The representation of every kind of respondent in the interview method also affects the generalization of the outcome of the method. If the sample chosen is representative in nature the results can be fairly said to be a fact (A. 2014). Another factor that determines the generalization of the method is the relevance of questions being asked in an interview. If the questions are very different and are not relevant to the subject at hand, generalization is not possible in this case (A. 2012). Issues using interview method Interview method has always been accompanied by many bottlenecks in its successful administration. The foremost issue that interview method has is the resource availability. Resources such as human resource for interviewing and question preparation, decoding the responses and arranging the interview are needed in interview method that makes it a difficult method to administer. Another issue the affects the outcomes of this research is bias. Since interview is a human interaction, the chances of personal biases affecting the judgments is very high which defeats the purpose of the research and renders the data collected useless (J. 2014). The issue of ethics also affects this method since the faithfulness of the process is up to the discretion of the interviewer. For the correct representation of the population sample size selection also forms a key issue as the perception of an adequate sample size is very subjective in nature and moreover larger sample sizes are very difficult to administer (A. 2013). Conclusion In conclusion it can be said that no method is perfect in nature and the selection of one methodology over another depends on the situation where the method has to be applied. Selection of research techniques is a tradeoff where it is chosen for its advantages and the accommodation of disadvantages that a particular situation provides. Literature review is an easy and resource optimized method of research where the researches are substantially based on existing data rather than new experiments (D. M. 2014). This method is largely applicable in situations where data present is sufficient to draw insights from for a particular subject. This method however cannot be generalized due to its large dependency on the sources of error such as human discretion (I. 2013). Interview method on the other hand is required in situations where the focus on the opinions and thought process of the respondents forms great importance. This method is, however, difficult to administer and analyze and can vary from one individual to another. However in interview method, the generalization is possible if all the factors responsible are for generalization such as large population size, representativeness of the sample and competent interviewer and overall research team (D. 2013). References 1. Nuttin, J. (2014). Future time perspective and motivation: Theory and research method. Psychology Press.2. Ritchie, J., Lewis, J., Nicholls, C. M., Ormston, R. (Eds.). (2013). Qualitative research practice: A guide for social science students and researchers. Sage.3. Corbin, J., Strauss, A. (2014). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. Sage publications.4. Silverman, D. (2013). Doing qualitative research: A practical handbook. SAGE Publications Limited.5. Seidman, I. (2013). Interviewing as qualitative research: A guide for researchers in education and the social sciences. Teachers college press.6. Creswell, J. W. (2013). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications.7. Maxwell, J. A. (2012). Qualitative research design: An interactive approach: An interactive approach. Sage.8. Denzin, N. K., Lincoln, Y. S. (2011). The SAGE handbook of qualitative research. Sage.9. Merriam, S. B. ( 2014). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. John Wiley Sons.10. Willig, C. (2013). Introducing qualitative research in psychology. McGraw-Hill Education (UK).11. Mertens, D. M. (2014). Research and evaluation in education and psychology: Integrating diversity with quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods. Sage Publications.12. Bryman, A. (2012). Social research methods. Oxford university press.13. Creswell, J. W. (2013). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications.14. Bryman, A., Bell, E. (2015). Business research methods. Oxford university press.15. Thomas, J. R., Silverman, S., Nelson, J. (2015). Research Methods in Physical Activity, 7E. Human Kinetics.16. Yin, R. K. (2013). Case study research: Design and methods. Sage publications.17. O'Leary, Z. (2013). The essential guide to doing your research project. Sage.18. Stirman, S. W., Kimberly, J., Cook, N., Calloway, A., Castro, F., Charns, M. (2012). Th e sustainability of new programs and innovations: a review of the empirical literature and recommendations for future research. Implement Sci, 7(17), 1-19.19. Fink, A. (2013). Conducting research literature reviews: from the Internet to paper. Sage Publications.20. Rubin, A., Babbie, E. (2013). Brooks/Cole empowerment series: Research methods for social work. Cengage Learning.21. Schiavetti, N., Metz, D. E., Orlikoff, R. F. (2011). Evaluating research in communicative disorders. Pearson.22. De Vos, A. S., Delport, C. S. L., Fouch, C. B., Strydom, H. (2011). Research at grass roots: A primer for the social science and human professions. Van Schaik Publishers.23. De Castro, A. (2011). Introduction to Giorgi's existential phenomenological research method. Psicologa desde el Caribe.24. Pickard, A. (2012). Research methods in information. Facet publishing.

New Jersey and Pennsylvania free essay sample

An Advanced Practice Nurses are nurses who has completed graduate level training (masters in nursing or Doctorate in Nursing). They take history, perform physicals, order and interpret diagnostic tests. They treat mental and physical conditions. NPs identify diseases and give treatments, including prescribing medications. They can operate as primary providers and treat patients of different ages, depending on their specialty (pediatrics, adults, geriatric etc). This is a comparison of Pennsylvania and New Jersey rules, regulations and practice environments for advanced practice nurses. According to the International Council of Nurses, an APN is a â€Å"registered nurse who has acquired the expert knowledge base, complex decision-making skills and clinical competencies for expanded practice, the characteristics of which would be determined by the context in which he/she is credentialed to practice† (December 2011). In the United States, the NPs can be nationally certified in areas of practice, but their profession is state regulated, therefore the scope of practice and care provided by NPs varies widely from state to state. We will write a custom essay sample on New Jersey and Pennsylvania or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Scope of Practice of Advanced Practice Nurse. Minimum requirements. In Pennsylvania, Registered Professional Nurse may become certified in area of specialty as Certified Registered Nurse Practitioner after completing masters or post-masters nurse practitioner program approved by Pennsylvania Board as similar to that certification. The nurse must have a current certification in the area of expertise and have professional liability insurance. A nurse licensed as a nurse practitioner by another states or country can apply for certification by endorsement in PA, but is required to hold a certification in the specialty area in which the nurse is looking to certify in PA State. Certified Registered Nurse Practitioner (CRNP) is a professional licensed in the state of Pennsylvania, certified by the Board in area of specialty and holds a current national certification. Nurse may not practice if the nursing license is inactive, lapsed, expired, revoked or suspended. The Pennsylvania Code, 2012). New Jersey holds similar requirements within its nursing regulations. APN has to graduate from accredited program and successfully complete examination from a national agency , has to have an RN license and obtain a certification as an Advanced Practice Nurse. The requirements are similar: a master’s degree in nursing or certification program offered as post masters study with focus on an advanced practice and particular specialty. The education has to be completed within two years prior to recording of application. It has to include minimum of 39 hours related to pharmacology with 6 of them connected to controlled medications and addiction prevention. (New jersey Administrative Code Title 13). What is needed to maintain the license? According to Pennsylvania Code 21, CRNP’s certification and prescriptive authority approval expires along with registered nurse license on biennial basis. The CRNP is required to: pay the required renewal fee, maintain a nursing license and have at least 30 hours of approved ongoing education within the 2 years before renewal date. An hour of continuing education is 50 minutes and it is provided by nursing, medical and pharmaceutical organizations. CRPNs may receive a continuing education credit for correspondence and independent courses, up to 4 hrs for teaching, precepting, and lecturing, and for publishing work in a professional journal. It is noted that the Board can disregard the required continuing education in case of sickness or adversity, but the request for the waiver has to be provided within 90 days before the end of the licensing cycle. Inactive status CRPNs do not have to obtain continuing education hours during the period of inactive status. In order to renew prescriptive authority, CRNP has to complete no less than 16 and up to 30 hours of continuing education in pharmacology (within each 2 year cycle). New Jersey law also requires biennial certificate renewal which coincides with registered professional nurse licensure renewal, but inactive status requires meeting biennial continuing education at the time of reinstatement. Prescriptive Authority CRPN may prescribe and dispense drugs in Pennsylvania if he/she completed 45 hours of advanced pharmacology course work within their training, and completes at least 16 hrs of continuing education related to pharmacology in each 2 year period. CRPN also has to observe standards set by the Medical State Board in relation to controlled medications and the PA Department of Health. CRNP is required to maintain DEA registration number. A CRNP can prescribe and dispense drugs within the practice area, but annot prescribe under any circumstances medication such as gold compound, radioactive or oxytocic agents. CRNP can prescribe Schedule II controlled substances (up to 3 day supply) and has to notify collaborating physician with 24 hrs of such decision. CRNP can prescribe Schedule III or IV medications for up to 30 day supply. CRNP cannot in state of Pennsylvania, write prescription for a Schedule I controlled medications and drugs which are not accepted by the Food and Drug Administration in the US. CRNP may write prescription orders on prescription blanks, or give them verbally. Collaborative agreement, signed between a CRNP and a cooperating physician contains agreement to the particulars of the care of the CRNP patients and includes prescribing drugs. New Jersey also addresses medication administration, but not is such details as Pennsylvania law. It allows advance practice nurse to prescribe, dispense and order medications and †devices† in agreement with protocols developed between advance practice nurse and collaborating physician and standards of practice. The APN can only use New Jersey prescription blanks and is required to write medication quantity in words in case of controlled dangerous substances. APN is required to obtain and maintain both, a federal DEA number and a state-controlled dangerous substance number. APN is required to complete once in a lifetime, a 6-hour course on controlled substances and their prescribing. (Legislative Update, 2012). Practice and Collaboration agreement According to the Pennsylvania Code, CRPN may work in partnership only with a physician who is currently holding a license to practice in this state. CRPN can practice as a team with a physician as it is agreed in a written agreement, in the limits of CRNPs license. In Pennsylvania a CRNP can: carry out broad patient assessments , including disability assessments, determine medical diagnosis, order, perform, supervise and interpret diagnostic tests ( within the CRNP specialty and collaborative agreement),order referrals and consultations, develop therapeutic plans of care, perform admissions and discharges, order blood products, dietary, home health, physical therapy and hospice care, give verbal instructions if allowed by health care facilities regulations, carry out the methadone treatment (methadone treatment order must be made by the physician). Pennsylvania defined collaboration agreement must include all the parties (CRNP, collaborating physician and alternate physician who will grant cooperation for up to 30 days, if the collaborating physician is not accessible). It categorizes practice boundaries, states types of drugs which CRNP can order, and states frequency with which the collaborating physician is required to see the patients with (depending on type and condition of the patient, ongoing or new treatment plans). The collaboration agreement has to be kept â€Å"at the primary practice location of the CRPN†. A copy of the agreement has to be reported to the Bureau of Professional and Occupational Affairs. It has to detail the sum of the liability insurance carried by CRNP and be available for examination at any time and be updated when there are changed made to collaboration agreement. New Jersey law also specifies what â€Å"joint protocol† should include: written agreement between nurse and physician addressing practice, recordkeeping, medication prescribing, methods of communication, conditions requiring consultation, periodic review of charts and accessibility of other physician in case of necessary coverage. New Jersey requires annual review of contract; it does not however clearly define time period for alternative physician collaboration. Palliative care The APN is a key participant in healthcare team to deliver a quality, evidence-based palliative interventions to patients who are living with advanced illnesses. They are legible for federal, state and third party reimbursement as long as they are ANCC-certified in specialty area, regardless of setting (rural, underserved, urban, etc). Pennsylvania as well as New Jersey widely uses APNs within palliative and life limiting illness care. Hospital privileges Hospital privileges describe the process of credentialing. During this process an assembled group of physicians will assess education, training and experience of Advanced Practice Nurse and make decision whether to allow privileges and the extend of privileges granted. Pennsylvania Department of Health authorizes hospitals to define the level of clinical privileges, but it allows Advance Practice Nurses to admit and discharge patients from hospitals. New Jersey Nurse Practitioners are also legally allowed to admit patients and obtain hospital privileges, but the authorization is not within the legal statue (The Nurse Practitioner, 2012). Privileges are given through process within each healthcare organization and do not include discharge permission. At present, there are attempts to change the language to â€Å"ensure that all practitioners are granted clinical privileges†¦including voting rights and full due process†( NJSNA, 2011) and allow the hospitals to use APNs to their full capability. Summary As noted, Pennsylvania and New Jersey laws address and regulate advance nurses’ practice within their state limits and, with some differences, assure that practitioners provide care in the parameters and safety requirements. Many states continue to change and modify their Advance Practice Nurse regulations and the practitioners must maintain their vigilance and awareness of changing laws in order to comply with regulations and provide high standards of care.